Title: p/s

social mobility
horizontal vs vertical
intragenerational vs intergenerational
relation to caste, class, meritocracy

Q: relative vs absolute poverty
A: relative poverty is not relating to survival its more about excluded from society
absolute poverty stays the same and is about survival

Q: social reproduction
what does financial capital give you
A: educational system is reinforcing social reproduction

Q: social exclusion what is it
A: segregation - usually not equal at all
amish do voluntary social isolation
social exclusion is involuntary
social isolation is voluntary

Q: residential segregation
types - concentration / central
how it important
what is spatial mismatch
A: segregation measured by index of dissimilarity. 100 means perfect distribution. 0 is total segregation
politiical isolation and linguistic isolation could happen.
spacial mismatch. there might be opportunities for poor but they are so far it'd be impossible for the poor to get there.

Q: prejudice vs discrimination
A: prejudice is more of an attitude and not based on facts. sexist ceo. just how he feels.
discrimination has to be with actions against a group of people. differential treatment. no job promotion for really good performing women. WW2 jewish people had to wear yellow star. apartheid action taken.
intersectionality is when you're discriminated on multiple basis and all are compounded.
If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. Finally, the tendency to categorize can be associated with discrimination. Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group.

healthcare inequality

Q: class conciousness vs false conciousness
A: marx coined it marxists
the working class don't realize they are being exploited. class conciousness is when they realize they have solidarity with people in old class and are in a struggle with the ownership.
false conciousness - workers cannot see their own oppression and exploitation. owners can feed the processes and these beliefs that the workers can move up but they would never actually move up. but would create hope.

Q: types of studies
experimental
longitudinal
cohort
cross sectional
case study
quantitatiive
qualititative
comparative analysis
A: Experimental - you have a control that allows you to measure the change in one variable in relation to another (always remember though, that correlation is rarely the causation). That means that there would be a set independent variable (by the researchers) that is hypothesized to influence (or not in the H0 null hypothesis).
Longitudinal- a study that follows the same subjects over a long period of time.
Cohort- a subset of longitudinal study in which the subjects are picked because they have a share common characteristic or experience within a defined period. Cross sectional - A "snapshot" study of a population at a given time. So for example, you can have a study about a high risk population for X disease. The study will have a sample of the population that will include healthy members that don't have X, people with disease, etc. This kind of studies are observational, and therefore cannot be used to draw a relationship. They are good to study a prevalence of a condition, or as a reflection of the current conditions.
Case study- a study in which the subject(s) are hand picked (no random selection) for a detailed analysis. This is useful when encountering a unique subject and intend to gain more information than a regular study. For example, HM was a man with epilepsy and had his hippocampus removed. Researchers studied his unique condition to learn more about the hippocampus and memory.
Quantitative data- tangible, "hard data", objective information. Examples: height, weight, age, A1c blood glucose test.
Qualitative data - subjective information (more commonly found in social sciences). Examples: pain rating, mood rating,etc.
Comparative analysis studies the difference between different populations. Example: how local diet influences health in US vs Japan.

Q: classical conditioning
unconditioned vs conditioned vs neutral
what is generalization
what is discrimination
what is extinction
what is spontaneous recovery
A: uncondition is natural
conditioned is learned
neutral stimulus elicits the same response as unconditioned stimulus so it becomes conditioned
another similar stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli so it can also elicit response
discrimination doesn't elicit the response
conditioned stimulus is given without the unconditioned stimulus to taper you off of the conditioned stimulus
if one day randomly they respond to the conditioned stimulus. doesnt' last long and isn't that strong of a response. spontaneous recovery

Q: operant conditioning
reinforcement and punishment
positive and negative
primary vs secondary reinforcers
what is shaping
schedules of reinforcement
fixed ratio. fixed interval. variable ratio. variable interval.
innate vs learned
learned (habituation, sensitization)
classical vs operant
latent learning vs observational vs insight
escape vs avoidance learning
albert bandura bobo doll experiment
learning performance distinction
social cognitive theory
A: behavior -> consequence has reinforcment and punishment and positive and negative
positive is when you add something. negative is when you take away
for the negative reinforcement you get rid of the buzzer to make u wear your seatbelt
shaping is learning through practice. successively reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior. so in a headstand that would be the target. and so you do all the progressions is shaping.
schedules created by skinner
ratio means amount of responses
interval means time
primary reinforcers are like candy
secondary reinforrcers are a gold star or money where you exchange it for something else.
fixed ratio - if you sell 5 cars you get the bonus. if it takes him one day, or 20 days.
fixed interval - you get a paycheck every 2 weeks no matter what. whether you sell one car or hundred.
variable ratio - you get a bonus after a different number of target cars. sometimes you get it after 5, or 3, or 4, or 7. slot machine
variable interval - reinforced after variable time. supervisor randomly gives him a bonus if hes selling a car at the moment when supervisor comes by.
innate behavior - are instinct
learned - learned through experience
innate
simple - taxis is purposeful towards or away the stimulus. kinesis is random movement from stimulus.
complex - migration, circadian rhythm
learned
habituation - decrease of response to the stimulus bc u used to it
sensitization - response increases with each episode of stimulus. not conditioned. no associatation.
classical conditioning - one stimulus is learned. fire alarm is not bad but ur conditioned bc of fire. association.
operant conditioning - consequences are increased or decreased.
insight learning - math problem, you dont know how to do, but you know the basics. learned behaviors are combined in unique ways
latent learning - learning something but showing that you learned it is not shown until some later point or incentive. learning to use a computer despite never using it but you just watched someone use it. sitting in backseat but you still know the roads even tho you didn't drive. subconciously learning.
observational learning - you are actively trying to learn like monkey see monkey do.
escape learning - escape bc of stimulus. you see fire you go
avoidance learning - you have a signal so you know to leave before stimulus even happens. you hear alarm you go
learning performance distinction - learning but not showing. when the kids were given candy they knew how to do the behavior.
bandura social cognitive theory -
A - attention
M - memory
I - imitation
M - motivation
how individuals learn through observing behaviors of others.

Q: long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity
A: synapses strength by being able to send more NTs and is better at opening channels. so more strong

Q: elaboration likelihood model
 3 characteristics
central vs peripheral
A: basically main thing is do you care?
if so, it goes through central and you care about facts and credentials
if not, it's peripheral and you will just say look how hot she is

Q: cognitive dissonance
A: your beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes are contradictory and incompatible.
like a guy super motivated with cutting drinks a lot everyday
you feel uncomfortable and so you have motivation to align your thoughts

Q: evolutionary game theory
A: how copmlex social behaviors persist in populations. by using math models, egt predicts how organism will interact and how their behaviors confer an advantage when passed to offspring

Q: drive reduction theory
A: motivation results from the desire to maintain homeostasis. A drive is a uncomfortable feeling (internal tension) that is created when homeostasis is disturbed. For example, when you are hungry, you don't feel at ease until you eat something. The motivation to eat to reduce that hunger is an example of what drive reduction theory is saying.
lack of certain items motivate you to get it. An example would be - you don't have water and you are thirsty, so you go to a store and buy a bottle of water. OR you go to a well and collect some water for drinking.
drive reduces the need\
a form of negative reinforcement

Q: arousal theory
A: people are motivate by the desire to achieve an optimal level of arousal. This may involve increasing or decreasing the current level of arousal. For example, you may be really stressed about the mcat and be overwhelmed/anxious. To reduce this arousal, you may take a walk so that you can get into the right state of mind (the optimal level of arousal) so that you can study.

Q: labeling theory
A: if individuals have deviant labels. they are more likely to act in that way.
Labeling theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior. Adolescents are often subject to stigmatizing labels, leading to perceptions that may not match behavior. Labeling theory calls attention to the power that stereotypes can have in determining how individuals are perceived.

Q: effects of role playing
A: influences people to behave in the ways that are consistent with the roles they are playing

Q: biases lol
overconfidence
belief perseverance
confirmation
selection/sampling
actor/observer
self-serving
optimisim
primacy
recency
similarity
projection
hindsight
normalcy
reconstructive
attrition
social desirability
subjective
implicit
cognitive bias
egocentric bias
framing bias
automation bias
expectation bias
test-retest bias
researcher
A: overconfidence - overestimate your ability to produce correct answer
belief perseverance - ignore rational disconfirming facts
confirmation - seek information to affirm your view
selection/sampling - selection of groups that are no representative
actor/observer - attribute others issues to internal, but our own to external
self-serving - if we fail its bc external, if we succeed bc internal
optimism - bad things dont happen to us only to others
primacy - first impression easier to remember
recency - last impression easier to remember
similarity bias - we befriend people that are similar
projection bias - assume others share the same beliefs as us
hindsight - thinking you already knew it after it being told
normalcy - the situation will stay normal, nothing bad will happen
reconstructive bias - recreating memories that forgot to self serve. not reliable
attrition - participant drops out of study
social desirability - participant wants to seem good to the researcher
subjective bias - self reported info is vulnerable to this. thinking subjectively
implicit bias - bias we are unaware of, unconconciously influencing us
cognitive bias - tendency to think certain ways. deviation from rational thinking
egocentric - tendency to overstress changes to make oneself seem more worthy or competent
framing bias - people make decisions on the way information is presented, rather than info itself
automation bias - tendency to over rely on automated systems
expectation bias - expectation influence our attitudes and beliefs
test-retest - when individuals complete the same assessment more than once, which affects their responses on subsequent assessments
researcher bias - researcher has systematic influence on a study

Q: secure and insecure attachment
A: stranger anxiety comes around 8 months to a year
secure attachment - child feels comfortable to explore, children felt sad when parent left but was happy when they came back
insecure attachment - didnt explore the room, and stayed close to mom. got sad when they left. and also didnt feel relief when the parent came back.
mothers that were sensitive made them secure attachment. insecure would ignore their kid. like checking thier phone when kid is trying to get the parents attention.
early relationships influence adult relationships.

Q: self concept (existential vs categorical)
carl rogers self concept  -> humanistic
3 components
social identitiy theory
A: self concept - means to be self aware. how does someone percieve themself.
existential - most basic part of self - concept. we are each separate and distinct. the self is constant.
categorical - we are an object with properties. like age gender size. or skills. as we grow older we start making evaluations on traits comparisons and careers
self image- view we have of ourself
self - esteem - how much value do we give to ourselves
ideal self - who we wish to be or aspire to be
social identity theory
personal
social
categorize -> identificiation (behave and acting like your category) -> social comparison (start comparing our groups with other groups) to mantain self esteem.

Q: self esteem
self efficacy
RISE vs FALL
locus of control
A: self esteem - respect one has for self
self efficiacy - bandura made. belief in ones capability to succeed in certain situation
strong sense of efficiacy -
R - recover
I - interests
S - strong
E- enjoy
weak sense of efficiacy -
F - fail
A - avoid
L - lose
L - lack
sources of self efficacy -
1. mastery of experience
2. social modeling - seeing people similar to ourselves accomplish something makes us believe we can too
3. social persuasion - verbal encouragement to get rid of self doubt
4. psychological responses - learning how to reduce stress and improve mood.
it is possible to have low self esteem and high self efficacy. perfectionist.
locus of control - percieved control over events in life
internal - person believes they can influence their own life. control ur own destiny.
external - outside environment control. it's consitent. luck easy test

Q: theories of develepment
freud
ericson
vytgosky
kohlbert
A: freud - psycosexual. how we develop during childhood. (personality)
5 stages. if a stage is not fully satisfied you go into fixation
ericson - psycosocial (personality)
personality development happens throughout lifespan
each stage is overcoming a conflict.
8 stages
vytgosky - social cultural (cognition)
children learn hands-on active learning
child learns by social interaction
kohlbert - moral development (cognition)
right vs wrong
3 levels of moral development that were divided by 2 so 6 today.
he'd ask kids about their morals.

Q: freud psychosocial development
OLD, AGE, PARROTS, LOVE, GRAPES
what is oedipus vs electra
A: libido - buildup of tension fuels mechanism of life. if it stops or fixated then it has lasting effect in adulthood.
first 5 years of life are most important
oral stage - support love
anal - feel competent productive
phallic - self identity. start to respect mother or father
oedipus is view dad as rival. possess mother
electra - want to possess mother
latent - socialism and skills. play of same gender.
genital - sexually healthy

Q: erikson psychosocial development
A: culture + society. lifespan development

Q: vytgosky - social cultural develepment
A: social interactions with those around them in development of their cognition
elementary mental functions -> higher mental functions
attention
sensation
perception
memory
1. MKO - more knowledgable other. someone who has a better understanding and ability than the learner. + interaction -> leads to learning
2. zone of proximal development - the link between what you can do and what you can't do. the interaction gets you learning more.
3. language - language is the main tool of intellectual. thought comes from language and represents intellectual ability

Q: kohlberg moral theory of development
each stage divided by bigger sub group
A: preconventional - focused on consequences of ones action. children base their judgements solely on external factors like rewards and punishment. obedience based on authority. they don't know whats right and wrong. based more on rewards and punishment. up to age 9
1st stage - based on authority. do what parents tell you. avoid punishment
2nd stage - obey norms bc it benefits yourself. scratch my back and ill scratch yours
conventional - children accept rules not for benefit but to mantain relationships and order. individuals don't question rules. adolescents and adults 10 - 19
3rd stage - group acceptance. do what gains approval.
4th stage - obediance to the law. upholding law.
post conventional - morality is defined by abstract values. individuals can disobey if they conflict your own values. very few of over 20s
5th stage - social contract. laws should benefit to blieve in them
6th stage - respect fo universal principle like equality.
universal ethical principle is own moral. that could be good or bad. MLK, gandhi

Q: social influence
 imitations, roles,
A: 12- 21 days. we are born to imitate
mirror neurons - your neurons are fired when they see same action
roles - social norms for each social group
stanford prison. people go extreme amounts to play their roles
reference groups - group to which people refer to identify themselves. groups beliefs, attitudes, behaviors. we are looking for these that align for our beliefs. where we seek to get advice.
culture and socialization

Q: herbert mead the i and me
cooley
A: cooley - everyone played a role in self identity
mead process is restricted. only certain people in certain times can influence self.
mead believed infants dont get influenced. they lack perspective. similar to piaget egocentrism.
3 steps.
1. prepatory stage - imitation. not true interactions.
2. play stage - social relationships. pretend play as other people. capable of taking perspective. and role taking. acting based on percieved view. capable of creating social itneraction. people who are closest to them. I stage is developed. Me starts to develop.
3. game stage - able to understand the beliefs and tendency of society as a whole or the generalized other. people act in accordance to society as a whole expects. people can take multiple roles. can be multiple things at once. Me stage is developed.
other people have perceptions of yourself. and they start to influence others. and they dont care about everyone but just the significant others. like parent teachers close peers. led to development of I and Me
Me is the social self. how we believe the generalized others see us.
I is the response to the social self.
Me is societys view
I is the indivudal identity stepping in or our personal response to what society thinks.
The self is balance between I and the Me.

Q: charles cooley
looking glass self
A: looking glass self.
1. how do i appear to others
2. what must others think of me
3. revise how we think about ourselves
we are not influenced by the opinions of others. but rather what we believe the opinions of others to be. we might devleop ourselves based on correct or incorrect perceptions.

Q: functionalism emile durkheim
A: instituations and social facts
social facts are ways of thinking and acting. the law, regulations, suicides.
institutions schools buildings
every structure has a function
recognized intended consequences are manifest
latent functions are unrecognized consequences like extra curricular from hopsital.

Q: schizophrenia symptoms
neuroleptic vs atypical drugs
A: genetics + environmental causes (womb + other)
dopamine is elevated sometimes in schizo.
diagnosed clinically
schiz changes behavior in the way people think and act
for thinking - delusions, hallucinations
act - isolate, flat effect, disorganized.
16-30 onset
prodrome - period before schizo fully present. things are starting to go down hill. delusuions might happen, schoolwork suffers.
this then leads to schizo -> higher rates of suicide
neuroleptic only help with positive symptoms and actually worsen negative
atypical help with positive

Q: validity and reliability
A: validity is how accurate the test results actually are
reliability is how close together data points are.

Q: null hypothesis
A: null is there is no true difference

Q: attention
divided attention
selective
inattentional blindness
change blindness
broadbents early selection theory
deutsch and deutch late stage selection
treismans
A: attention is a limited resource.
selective attention. flashlight beam where you are only focused on one thing
exogenous cues - external cues (loud sound, things that pop out)
endogenous cues - internal knowledge with intention (cocktail party effect where you hear someones name even though youre note listening. the meaning. arrow points your attention to direction of arrow)
inattetnional blindness - fail to notice things that are right in front of you
change blindness - fail to notice changes. like someone getting haircut.
broadbent -
all the sensory input goes to your sensory register. then you have a selective filter right away. then perceptual processes happen and put meaning on the words. then other cognitive processes.
cocktail party effect invalidates it
deutsch and deutch late stage selection-
moved the perceptual processing before selective filter. why would you assign meaning to info you dont need.
treismans attenuation theory
close broadbent but theres a attenuator instead of filter. just weakens input but doesnt ignore.

Q: theories of language and cognition
universalism
piaget
vygotsky
lingusitic determination - weak vs strong
A: universalism - thought comes before language. thought determines language
piaget - thought influences language. children developed language based on their thoughts
vygotsky - thought and language are independent at first but then connect to express both
weak linguistic - language influences thought.
strong linguistic (whorfian) - language determines thought.

Q: language development
nativist/innatist
learning theory
A: nativist/innatist - children are born with ability to learn language. chomsky. language acquisition device - allowed people to learn language. all language shares the same basic elements. critical period - birth to age 8 or 9. time where child is most able to learn a language
learning - reinforcement. m -> happy mom -> mom.
interactionist - biological and social factors interact to learn a language. vytgostky.

Q: status
A: social position in society
ascribed status - just status youre born with. like a prince
achieved status - working really hard and earning a status.

Q: hawthorne effect
A: research subjects acting differently becuase they know they are being observed.

Q: attitude components
affective
behavioral
cognitive
A: affective - feel emotion
behavioral - how we act
cognitive - thoughts and beliefs
i love is affective
go to class is behavioral
cognitive is believe

Q: expectatncy theory of motivation
A: individuals are motivated to act based on expected outcomes
expectatncy is the belief that one will able to achieve the desired outcome
instrumentality is the belief that one has control over the desired outcome
valence is the value placed on the desired outcome.

maslow ordering

Q: autocommunication
A: sender is also the reciever of a message
like when a dophin does clicking sounds and they hear it back

Q: inclusive fitness theory
A: direct fitness is the # of offspring produced
indirect fitness is the # of relatives an organism aids through altruistic behavior
overall fitness is the # of genes passed on.

Q: source monitoring error
source amnesia
A: cant remember what the source was misattribute it
cant rembmer the source at all

Q: fundamental attriubtion error
A: tendency to blame others behaviors on internal instead of external factors

Q: priming vs negative priming
A: Priming is when a previous experience influences your current thought process or activity. For example if you just fapped to porn and your friend calls you and talks about balls, you think he means testicles cause you had just watched porn but he meant tennis balls.
Negative priming is when your memory retrieval is slowed down because you were told to ignore something. It's a slow reaction to a stimulus that was previously ignored. For example, if you're first told to look at X's and ignore O's you're using to looking at X's. But then suddenly you're told to look at O's and ignore X's so you have a harder time trying to ignore the X and focus on O's because previously you'd done the opposite.

Q: bureaucracies
A: division of labor
heriearchical orgnaization
standardization
impersonal

Q: visual sensory information
visible light
phototransduction cascade
where view goes from each to nerve
feature detection
A: violet -> red
400 nm to 700 nm
back of eye is the retina that is composed of rods and cones
both are types of nerves
rod is sensitive for light and good at night. they have optic disk. good at detecting light.
cone there are less than rods but they process color RGB.
rods are in the periphery. cones are mostly in the fovea.
part where optic nerve meets the back of the eye is the blindspot. no photoreceptors.
fovea is where all the cones are. fine details here.
phototransduction cascade - as soon as light hits rod or cone this happens.
light hits the rod and turns it OFF
turns on bipolar cell
turns on retinal ganglion cell. goes into optic nerve and brain.
rhodopsin in rods. light hits the rhodopsin and retinal in the rod and changes it to cis to 11 trans. this then changes the shape of the rhodopsin.
this then goes to transducin. this breaks off of the rhodopsin and then the alpha subunit binds to PDE. when PDE is activated it turns cGMP to GMP. sodium channels close with no cGMP. this actually turns off the rod.
visual processing
right visual field goes to left side
left visual field goes to right side
feature detection
color - trichomatic theory.
form - parvo pathway to find the shape of object. spatial resolution. bad temporal pathway which means bad at motion. see things in color
motion - magno pathway. for motion. high temporal resolution. poor spatial resolution.

Q: korsakoffs syndrome
dementia and AD
A: happens from alc and malnutrition
lack of b1
converts carbs to glucose
wenickes encephopathy is precursor - poor balance, eye movement, confusion
if untreated
goes to korsakoffs
which is sever memory loss and confabulation (false memories)
dementia is a decline in cognitive functioning.
thiamin supplements can heal it.
AD is caused by abnormal beta amyloid plaques and tangling.
cerebral cortex shrinks
symptoms are memory loss
language difficultes come too

Q: left and right hemispheres
A: left is
analytical though
math
language
reasoning
science
touch and movement on right side
right is
spatial processing
emotion
art
music
visualizaiton
touch and movement on left side.

Q: retroactive interference vs proactive
A: retroactive is when recently learned info inteferes with older information
proactive is when previously learned interferes with new info

Q: information processing model
3 parts
A: Sensory Memory (sensory register)
sight iconographic - lasts half a second <0.5 second
sound echoic - lasts 3-4 second
then goes to
Working memory
7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information at a time
phone number
visuospatial sketchpad - visual and spatial informatoin
phonological loop - verbal numbers
central executive allows both to work together to store in the episodic buffer
Long term memory - unlimited
explicit memory (declarative) - semantic - facts or simple facts. episodic like bday party
implicit - procedural. how to ride a bike. priming. procedural, reflexive, emotional.

Q: encoding strategies
A: moving temporary store to long term memory
1. rote rehearsal.
say the same thing over and over
2. chunking
group info in meaningful categories
3. mnenomic devices
imagery - creating mental picture
for ordered info use
pegword - verbal anchors. one is a gun two is a shoe
method of loci - using locations. tie the information in your journey along the way
acronym - HOMES. use letters as cues
4. self-referencing -
how the information relates to you. preparing to teach.
5. spacing -
spread out study sessions over time. 5 one hour study sessions over one 5 hour one.

Q: retrieval cues
priming
context
state
A: priming
associations that you're not aware of
context
environment in which you encode and take the test
people who learned and tested in same place did best
state dependent memory
state of intoxication - if you learn something while drunk you will retrieve it better when drunk
mood is also one

Q: retrieval
free
cued
recognition
A: bringing something from long term memory to working memory
free recall
has primacy and recency effect
serial position curve and effect
cued recall
if you say pl then u can guess planet
recognition test
you say fork or knife which one was said and just have to guess

Q: flashbulb memories
A: highly emotional memories that feel extremely vivi
still susceptible to reconstruciton

Q: memory decay
A: the connections between cue and memory decay over time
ebbinghaus
forgetting levels off
relearning (saving) what is left in your mind when learning again

Q: aging and cognitive abilities
A: decline
recall becomes hard without cues
episodic memory gets harder at age
processing speed
divided attention
stable
implicit memory stays
recognition memory stays the same
improve
semantic memory improves until 60
crystallized IQ - using knowledge and experience
emotional reasoning

Q: semantic networks and modified
spreading
A: semantic networks your ideas are linked together in order
modified is everyone has a different tree with longer or shorter links
spreading is one recal brings the related linked ideas

Q: fMRI and PET
A: fMRI analyses changes in blood flow by detecting oxyhemoglobin or deoxy
active brain regions require more oxygen which are representted as increased blood flow
PET measures brian activity through radioactive glucose and active brain regions metabolize the glucose more.

Q: dependency ratio
A: people under age 14 and older than 65
divided by
all people between 15-64

Q: piaget theory of cognitive development
4 steps
0-2
2-7
7-11
12+
A: 0-2 sensorimotor stage. baby just trying fucking around and find out. object permamence and working memory.stranger anxiety
2- 7 preoperation stage. symbolic and fantasy objects. love to play pretend. egocentric. representing real things with words and images.
7-11 concrete operational. inductive reasoning and sorting things. conservation. classify and create mental structures. can put yourself in someone elses shoes. arithmetic
12 - formal operational - abstract concepts. deductive reasoning. hypothetical reasoning

Q: critical period of learning development
what theory associated with
A: nativist theory says that we are programmed to acquire language during critical period. 0 to until puberty.

Q: bystander effect and diffusion of responsibliity
A: diffusion of responsiblity is the tendency of people in groups to assume that action will be taken by someone else

Q: tonic vs phasic receptors
A: tonic constantly fire, adapt slowly
phasic adapt more quickly and better detecting changes in stimuli
in PNS

Q: hippocampus
plays a role in what
retrograde and anterograde
A: plays a role in consolidation of short term to long term memory.
ablation of hippocampi results in anterograde amnesia which is inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia is memory loss of previously encoded info.

Q: theory of differential association
A: monkey see, monkey do
the more youre exposed to deviant behavior the more youre likely to accept that it's normal
like you hang out with asses so u become an ass

Q: strain theory
A: bascially a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal and this results in negative feelings and so you start doing bad things. not alwasy bad
Strain theory says people resort to deviance if they believe society is preventing them from achieving what they want. This has to do with deviance, like theory of differential association and labeling theory.
if person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may become frustrated/strained and turn to deviance. Individuals in a group are pushed to attain certain goals, but may not have means or legitimate ways to achieve success. Society values a certain behavior but the opportunity to be successful is not made available to everyone. The lack of equal opportunity results in increased access to illegal means to achieve success.

Q: role strain vs role conflict
A: role strain is when you cant fulfill the obligations associated with one role. like getting dicked by our pre med student role while trying to do volunteering school etc. role conflict is when roles play a conflict with eachother like being a student interfers with social relationships.
Role strain is more with expectations of one role
Role conflict refers to multiple roles

Q: stereotype threat vs self fulfilling prophecy
A: stereotype threat is the additional stress and anxiety that impairs performance from fulfilling a role
concern of anxiety about ones social group
you (as a man) are told that men struggle more with concentrating than women during a study, which leads to you underperforming on a task. This is the stereotype threat.
self-fulfilling prophecy - altered treatment due to preconcieved notions causes the individual to make ti come true
future outcome brings its own fulfillment.

Q: dispositional vs situational attribution
A: dispositional is blaming the persons personality
situation is is blaming the persons situation
fundamental attribution error plays a role in this where if someone does something bad we blame it on dispositions and not the situation.

Q: major depressive disorder and depression
symptoms
3 factors
biological
psychological
sociocultural
A: helplessness
low self esteem
low focus
bad mood
lack of energy
weight gain or loss
biological factors
genes
low NT's - seratonin and norepi
low activity in prefrontal cortex and reward circuit
5HTTLPR - more susceptible to depression
psychological factors
learned helplessness - give up due to external aversive stimuli u cant control
cognitive distortions - negative thoughts lead to more negative thoughts
attributions - internal, stable, global
- someone didnt reply to u so they hate you and it will always happen and with everyone
sociocultural factors
co rumination - repeatedly discussing problems with someone else with no solutoin

Q: bipolar disorder
highs and lows
type 1
type 2
A: huge swings from emotional highs and lows
periods of depression with all depression symptoms
but then also periods of mania
where you have high optism and self esteem
mild forms are fine
but extreme can turn into grandeur and mania.
risky behaviors
poor judgement
mania sometimes followed by disorder.
bipolar 1
usually more extreme mania and may not have depressive episodes
bipolar 2
hypomania so not nearly as high, but followed by depressive symptoms.

Q: personality disorders
10 types
3 groups
ABC
odd
paranoid
schizoid
schizotypical
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcisitc
avoidant
dependent
absessive compulsive
A: A - 3 odd/eccentric
paranoid - distrust and suspicious of people
schizoid - detached emotinally and with relationships
schizotypal - magical odd behaviors
B - 4 dramatic/erratic/emotional
antisocial - little concerns for others. not social
borderline - unstable emotions and relationships. impulsive
histrionic - super attention seeking. wear bright clothes and provocative
narcisstic - need praise. big ego, grandiose of themselves
C - 3 anxious/fearful
avoidant - very inhibited and feel inadequate
dependent - very submissive, clingy, need a lot of help
obsessive compulsive personality disorder - order perfect and in control.
different from OCD

Q: ego dystonic vs ego syntonic
A: dystonic is obsessive compulsive disorder - people know what they are doingis wrong but still do it
syntonic - personality disorder is person believes what they are doing is right

Q: deductive vs inductive
top down vs bottom up
A: deductive is you use a theory to describe or reason a particular thing
inductive is you observe to form a theory
top down - starts at your head so what you think and know is how you percieve things first
bottom up - starts at your feet and mvoes up so anything youre going to encounter is ssensory first
kids learn inductive then deductive from concrete stage to formal operational.

Q: auditory structure
external middle and inner ear.
cochlea
cochlea detecting differnt frequency
auditory processing
basilar tuning
A: 1) pressurized sound wave
2) hair cell
lower frequency sound waves travel deeper into the cochlea
sounds waves funnel throuhg the pinna and through the auditory canal (external auditory meatus) then hits the eardrum or the tympanic membrane to vibrate.
the eardrum vibrating makes the malleus incus and stapes to vibrate.
stapes attached to oval window which vibrates back and forth. as oval window pushes in and out the fluid inside of cochlea moves to the tip of the cochlea and comes back to the circular window.
the energy of the sound wave sends the electrical impulse with the auditory nerve
in the middle of cochlea there is a membrane called organ of corti.
has basilar membrane and tectorial membrane.
cochlea - the fluid flow pushes down on upper membrane and up on lower which makes the hair move left and right
the shark fin part is the hair bundle. kinocilium are the each of the hairs in the bundle. they all connected with a tip link. the tip link is attached to a gate of a potassium channel. the kinocilium gets stretched and the potassium flows in. then Ca+ goes into the cell.
20Hz to 20000HZ
basilar tuning
base of the cochlea triggered by high frequency
tip of cochlea triggered by low frequency
the signal goes to primary auditory cortex which separates signals to different frequencies.
tonotypical mapping.

Q: cochlear implant
speech processor
transmitter
reciever
stimulator
A: reciever - recieves information from the transmitter. it gets signals from the speech processor.
speech processor converts the sound into a electrical impulse which gets sound to transmitter to reciever inside of the skull to stimulator.

Q: malthusian theory of population growth
three factors
positive checks
preventative checks
A: three factors controls human population when it exceeds earths carrying capacity. war, famine, and disease.
these were positive check because they would kill people to keep population in check.
preventative checks are contraception and birth control
food production is linear but the population growth was exponential.

Q: zero population growth theory
A: the environment, not the food supply plays the crucial role.
population going towards environmental collapse.
the theory advocates for no population growth

Q: cornucopian theory
A: human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop.
"we are smart enough to do anything lol"

Q: demographic transition model
A: growth depends on four stages
stage 1 - birth death infant mortality rates are high
stage 2 - birth rates are higher while infant mortality and death rates drop. life expectancy increases
stage 3 - industrialized society. birth rates decline but life expectancy even longer.
stage 4 - post industrial era, birth and death rates are low everyone lives a long ass time and goes to population stability.

Q: sympathetic nervous system
NTs
norepi
acetylcholine
A: epinephrine is used in most sympathetic systemetic responses
acetylcholine used in sweat glands

Q: availability vs representative heuristics
conjunction falacy
A: availability - using examples that come to mind
shark attacks are publicized so much so you think more people die from them but its not true
actual memories
representative - matching prototypes
someone meets a prototype
not thinking of actual memories but an ideal prototype in your mind
conjunction fallacy - in which you think that the chance of two things occurring at the same time is greater.

Q: dependent and independent stressors
primary vs secondary appraisal
A: dependent stressors are dependent on one's personality like, relationship problems or failing a test
independent stressors are like getting hit by a drunk driver, you cant control it
primary appriasal is whether there is any potnetial threat
if there is then go to secondary
secondary appraisal th ethe personal ability to cope with a threat. if you dont think you can handle a stress than you react to it poorly

Q: social facilitation
A: tendency to perform better on simple tasks when other people are present but you perform worse on difficult tasks.

Q: defense mechanisms
denial
indentification
projection
regression
repression
displacement
rationalization
reaction formation
sublimation
A: denial - ignoring unpleasant thoughts or feelings or excluding them from conscious awareness. refuse to accept (you continue to buy expensive stuff even if ur in debt)
identification - internalizing aspects of others ( child developing the same behaviors as a parent)
projeciton - attributing ones own thoughts or feelings to another person or group ( a child who dislikes their classmate thinks they like their classmate but the classmate doesn't like them.
regression - reverting to an immature behavior at an earlier stage of psychosocial developemnt (an adult throwing a tantrum)
repression - keeping disterssing thoughts buried in the unconcious. refuse to exist (a soldier has no recollection of a traumatic event at war)
displacement - transferring emotional feelings from original object to substitutde ( child breaking their toy instead of hitting their sibling)
rationalization - giving logical reason for unacceptable behavior (cheating on an exam because "everyone does it")
reaction formation - denying ones true feelings and behaving in the exact oppostie way (homophobes are hostile to gay individuals when they have homo behavior themselves)
sublimation - channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive dries into socially acceptable actions (releasing feelings of anger by playing football.

Q: frued psychoanalytic theory
conscious
unconscious
id
ego
superego
A: conscious
unconscious
ego - is in conscious and unconscious, involved in perceptions thoughts and judgmenets and prefers long term gratifications
id - is the unconcscious part of the mind that develops right after birth and needs immediate gratification
superego - moral compass that develops after 4.
a conflict is between your three mental minds when in fixation. ego is balancing both and mediates both.
a fruedian slip - Saying what is ACTUALLY on your mind instead of what your mind-filter wants you to sex.

gestalt principles

Q: inclusive vs personal fitness
altruism
A: inclusive fitness is the measure of activites that enhance gene propogation
it depends on your own personal fitness (how many viable offspring you can make) to how many offspring equaivalents you raise and help. inclusive fitness may also explain why animals may do stuff that harm themselves but save everyone else.
altruism is doing something that benefits others at cost to yourself.

Q: power vs prestige vs privilege
A: power - ability to get people to do something
prestige - reputation
privilege - ease with which you can navigate social institution. advantages.

Q: sleep disorders
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
sleepwalking
A: sleep deprivation - irritable and more poor memory
Insomnia - persistent trouble falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy - spontaneous moments of deep sleep.
sleep apnea - stop breathing while sleeping. you gasp for air and fall back to sleep. no n3 sleep.
sleepwalking/sleep talking - during n3 sleep. kids get it more.

Q: breathing related sleep disorders
airways
brain
lungs
A: obstruction - obstructive sleep apnea. soft tissue blocks airflow. leads to snoring, gasping, pauses in breathing. 15 or more apneas in an hour is how you diagnose in a polysomagraphy
brain - central sleep apnea. apneas but no obstruction. 5 or more apneas per hour. problem with control system for ventilation. cheyne-stokes breathing. related to heart failure, renal failure, or stroke
lungs - need to inflate or deflate to breathe. hypoventilation. when you dont breathe as much there is a build up of CO2 or decrease of O2. CO2 can cause right sided heart failure. bad for whole body because need oxygen everywhere.

Q: reward pathway of the brain
limbic system
what NT dopamine seratonin
what releases it
4 components
A: when you experience pleasure you release dopamine from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
it sends it to
amgydla - emotions
nucleus acumbens - motor functions
prefrontal cortex - attention planning
hippocampus - formation of memories.
dopamine goes up and seratonin goes down.
seratonin going down makes you feel less satisfied which leads to addiction

Q: lateral geniculate nucleus
medial geniculate nucleus
olfaction
A: light and might
light goes to lateral
might is from mechanical waves of ears so it goes to medial
Vision —> Lateral Geniculate Nuclei of Thalamus —> Occipital Cortex
Audition —> Medial Geniculate Nuclei of Thalamus —> Temporal Cortex
olfaction goes straight to piriform cortex because olfactory bulbs directly synapse on it

Q: amygdala
what happens if you destroy it
how to treat anxiety disorders
A: normally stimualtes anger/violence/fear/anxiety
if destructing it
called kluver-bucy syndrome happens if you have bilateral destruction of your amygdala
hyperorality
hypersexuality
disinhibited behavior - ignore social bheavior
usually given benzos which is similar to alc and you see those mellowing effects.

Q: habituation
A: repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a decreased response

Q: sensitization
desensitization
A: stimulus produces an increasing response
response to sensitized response is reduced.

Q: aging theories
activity
continuity
disengagement
life course
A: activity - remaining physically and socially active improves quality of life for older adults
continuity - doing the same thing as you were doing in your youth as you age
disengagement - removing yourself from social relationships and society withdraws them
life course - aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, and psychological

Q: social exchange theory
A: describes human interaction as resulting from people's perceptions of what they invest in a relationship and what they get out of it

Q: malthusian theory
preventative and positive
A: population growth is exponential but resource growth is linear. when populations outgrow resources there is war disease positive checks.
preventative checks are related to birth rate and positive checks are related to death rate

Q: optimum population theory
A: demographic theory which is the number of people yielding the highest per capita income

Q: total fertility rate
and maintance number
A: TFR is 2 which is the replacement rate to mantain population

Q: crude birth rate
general fertility rate
total fertility rate
age specific fertility rate
A: number of births per 1000 people
number of births per 1000 child bearing women
number of children per woman
births =for every 1000 women of a certain age group

Q: dissociative disorders
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative amnesia
A: identity - presence of two or more distinct personalities
amnesia - inability to recall important autobioographical information like name, marital status and specific events

Q: factitious disorder
A: falsifying physical or psychological symptoms not for external gain but for sympathy from others.

Q: visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop
A: visuospatial sketchpad is like remembering where you parked your car based on queues like third row to the left
phonological loop is like someone leaving a note saying "bring this this and this from the store"
visual vs verbal/written
central executive decides whether this stuff is going to long term memory or not

Q: depth of processing
A: information thought about deeper is retained more

Q: social reproduction
A: frequently associated with marxism where inequality tends to transfer from one generation to the next due to the presence of social structures that reinforce inequality

Q: culture transmission
A: immaterial culture transfer between one generation to the next like passing down music

Q: social stratification
A: social group that constitute of different gruops of people bsed on wealth, power, or income

Q: organization vs instituation
A: is a group with a shared goal.
institution is more systematic like goals are generalized. like a school has med school dental sports so much.

Q: anomie
A: lack of attachment to social norms which can cause a breakdown between connection between individuals and their community

Q: theories of intelligence
theory of general intelligence by spearman
A: 1 general intelligence. g factor.
scores vary together but controversial because can one factor really effect it

Q: theories of intelligence
theory of primary mental abilities by ll thurnstone
A: 7 factor theory
breakdown seems intuitive
the problems is that scores vary together which is similar to spearman one intelligence
verbal fluency, reading comprehension, numerical, inductive reasoning..

Q: theories of intelligence
theory of multiple intelligence by gardner
A: 7-9 indepedent intelligences where one doesn't influence another
not just book smarts
but controversial because are abilities/talent really intelligence. no evidence
..
logical-mathematical; verbal-linguistic; spatial-visual; intrapersonal, interpersonal, body-kinesthesia...

Q: theories of intelligence
triarchic theory of intelligence by sternberg
A: only 3 that relate to success
analytical, creative, practical
easy to test
one relates to the other though.

Q: binets idea of mental age
A: tried to reason young adolescnce inteligences to find out future success

Q: intrinsic vs extrinsic motivaiton
A: motivation is desire or willingness to exert mental or physical effort for a goal
intrinsic - is incentive that derives from personal enjoyment satisfaction or feeling of achievement
- girl reading a phsycis book
extrensic motivaiton - engage to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment
- a student that studies because they will lose their scholarship if they fail

Q: james - lange theory
A: event -> physiological response -> interpretation -> emotion
you are sad bc you cry
like you hold a cat so you smile so you happy

Q: cannon bard theory
A: event -> physiological response + emotion
both at once.
you hold your cat and then there is some chemical change and a joy at the same time

Q: schachter-singer theory
A: event -> physiological response -> identify the reason for the change and label it -> emotion
cat -> response -> "this makes me happy" -> emotion

Q: lazarus theory
A: event -> appraise (label) -> emotion + response
holding a cat -> you label it as good or bad -> then emotion and response happen at once.
if you love a cat then you respond good
if you hate it you respond bad

Q: stimulus discrimination vs stimulus generalization
A: generalization - it would be that the dolphin performs the conditioned response no matter which horn or pitch was used
discrimination - is when the dolphin doesnt do shit unless that specific horn it was trained with is rang.

Q: second order conditioning
A: for example, in Pavlov's dog experiment, he rang a bell in presence of food, and dog salivates. Eventually, they associate the bell with food so the bell alone (conditioned stimulus) makes the dog salivate.
This becomes 2nd order if he decides to pair the bell with a light. So light & bell (conditioned stimulus) make the dog salivate and eventually you won't need the bell because they are now conditioned to the light. Light flashes, dog salivates.
In summary, 2nd order is conditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus = conditioned response. The normal is neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus = conditioned response

Q: master status
A: a particular status that dominates other statuses that a person might hold.

Q: social capital vs cultural capital
A: social capital refers to social circles. how rich/successful people tend to have rich friends that help them. blue collar workers might have social capital by being friends with mechanics
cultural capital is how cultured you are like dressing well, interest in arts and music. a lawyer who wears nice suits and has a taste for fine wine is lot of cultural capital

Q: social constructionism vs social interactionism
A: social constructionism - the thing has no value unless we give it value (money). how society defines concepts or objects. you have to give it value
social interactionism - how we change views when we interact with individuals in society. how we percieve situations. more micro and single interaction

Q: ethnography
A: qualitative method for scientific study of human social phenomena.
use observation and interviews to study people in their natural environmnets.
provides information about cultures, behaviors, norms, and values

Q: social network analysis
A: epidemiologist technique mapping connections between individuals to study the spread of communicable diseases.

Q: in groups vs out groups
A: whether an individual feels like they belong or not

Q: primary group vs secondary group
A: primary is emotionally close like close family
secondary is people who come together and larger in size more impersonal like coworkers

Q: role exit
A: student graduates and becomes 9 to 5 role

Q: sick role theory
A: illness as a form of social deviance includes certain rights and obligations.

Q: fundamental attribution error vs actor observer
A: actor observer is tendency to attribute own actions to external and other's to internal
fundamental attribution only talks about blaming others' bheavior on internal rather than external
fundamental doesnt talk about the "own" perspective

Q: microsociology vs macrosociology
A: micro deals with interpersonal interactions between individuals or how small groups build and shape society.
macrosociology focuses on broad, society wide insititutions and events that impact the lives of individuals.

Q: structural functionalism
A: macro theory that relates society to a biological organism.
its all about mantaining homeostasis and society working together to mantain dynamic equilibrium.

Q: manifest vs latent functions
A: in functionalism manifest are expected and latent are unintended consequences.

Q: mixed methods studies
A: use both quantitative and qualitative approaches

Q: racialization
A: process by which one group (dominant group) designates another with a racial identity

Q: deviances
folkways mores and taboos
A: folkways - wearing clothes backwards
mores - wearing no clothes
taboos - incest
taboos usually have formal sanctions like from laws and pollice. informal sanctions are just like a hush.

Q: stereotype boost or stereotype life
A: positive stereotypes led to improved performance.
"Asians are good at math" then they perform better

factors that affect obedience

Q: dramaturgical approach
A: explains behavior as a theator metaphor - how we bheave in front of others (audience) is a performance mean to manage their impression on us

Q: allport and 3 traits
A: allport - 4500 traits -> came down to three
cardinal - influence all of our traits like a master status
central - present in all situations.
secondary - preferances or attitudes. only come out in close gruop or personal interaction

Q: traits
A: stable characteristics and are consistent in all situations

Q: cattell trait theory
A: 16 personality factors

Q: eysenck trait theory
A: we have all 3 traits but expressed different amount
extraversion
neuroticism
psychoitcism
caveat is that some people may not have psycho

Q: big 5 personality traits
A: qeustions asked
openness - are you indepent or are you practical
conscientiousness - are you careful or careless
extraversion - talkative or quiet
agreeable - are you cold are you kind
neuroticism - are you stable or calm
OCEAN
Openness: open to new things/curious (high) vs cautious (low)
Conscientious: diligent/disciplined (high) vs careless (low)
Extraversion: extravert (high) vs introvert (low)
Agreeableness: kind/altruistic (high) vs cold/selfish (low)
Neuroticism: anxious (high) vs confident (low)

Q: somatic symptom disorders
vs conversion disorder
vs factitious disorder
vs illness anxiety
A: somatic - means physical symptoms
physical symptom disorder
any symptom like wrist pain or fatigue
may or may not medically explain
get worried excessively, anxiety and lot of energy on symptoms
conversion disorder is mainly neurological
speech, swallowing, paralysis
cannot explain any symptoms
have some level of psychological stress or trauma
imagine a mother walking in on their child having sex, and then being literally blind afterwards.
factitious disorder
patient wants to be sick
falsification - signs and symptoms
people not doing for money but to be in sick role
Munchausen syndrome
illness anxiety
obsessed with possibility that you might have or catch a disease. so results in OCD or germaphobia

Q: freud psychoanalytic theory
id
ego
superego
A: id is pleasure principle
ego is reality principle
superego is perfection principle.
defense mechanisms are unconcious strategies caused by ego which is then overwhelmed or weaker than id
id is always chaotic and irrational

Q: psychoanalytic therapy
A: dealing with unconcious and issues in childhood type

Q: drugs and examples
stimulants
depressants
narcotics
hallucinogens
A: stimulants are cocaine and amphetamine. speeds up CNS and elevates mood
depressants are benzos and barbiturates and alcohol. slow down CNS
narcotics are morphine codeine heroin. lessens pain
hallucinogens - LSD triggeres mind altering effects

Q: obsesssions vs compulsions
A: obsessions are unwelcome intrusive distressing thoughts or urges and compulsions are repetetive behaviors or mental acts meant to the neutralize obsessions

Q: types of organizations
normative
utilitarian
coercive
A: normative - based on shared goals and or values (church congregations, sororities) voluntary
utilitarian - membership is driven by compensation (paid employment, certification diploma throuhg school)
coercive - membership is not freely chosen or maintained. (prisoners, military service)

Q: general adaptation syndrome
A: by hans selye
how body reacts to stress
alarm stage - first few minutes of stress response and body prepares body to act
resistance stage can act hours days or months during this stage the body attempts to resist the stressor
exhaustion stage - prolonged stress produces arousal with depleted energy making body vulnerable to negative health effects.

Q: webers law
A: proportion of just noticeable difference (smallest difference between two stimuli a person can detect 50% of the time) to the original stimulus is a constant

Q: methods of problem solving
insight
trial and error
heuristics
algorithms
A: insight - solution suddenly becomes apparent at once, typically after one stops actively thinking about the problem for awhile
trial and error - attempting possible solutions until the problem is solved, ruling out ineffective solutions
heuristics - problem solving shortcuts that are efficient but not always accurate. (prescribing most common medicine)
algorithms - precise, logical time consuming but produce an accurate answer

Q: cognitive dissonance theory
A: align your beliefs behaviors or attitudes to reduce cognitive dissonance

Q: absolute threshold vs the differnce threshold
A: absolute is the intesnity value at which an individual is able to detect the stimulus 50% of the itme
JND and difference threshold are equivalent concepts but it is the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time

Q: what are the universal emotions
A: happiness
sadness
fear
anger
disgust
surprise

Q: compliance
A: type of conformity whereby an individual publicly goes along with the group

Q: types of stressors
daily hassle
personal life event
ambient
catastrophe
A: daily hassle - is common and everyday (traffic)
personal life event - major life transition (divorce)
ambient - environmental pollution
catastrophe - large scale tragedy

Q: thomas theorem
A: predicts that an individuals response or reaction to a situation is the result of her interpretation of the situation

Q: structural changes associated with stress
hippocampus
amygdala
prefrontal cortex
A: hippo - atrophy causes inhibited learning and changes in emotional responses
amygdala - increased anger, fear, and anxiety
prefrontal cortex - dendritic branching changes  leads to hypervigilance and poor coping skills

Q: vicarious emotions
A: occur when an observer intuits the feelings that another might be experiencing. thought to help humans relate to one another.

Q: types of kinship
consanguineal
affinal
fictive
A: consanguineal - based on genetic relationship (biological parents)
affinal - based on marriage (marraige)
fictive - social ties that are not consanguineal or affinal (adopted children)
primary is first degree family members
secondary is mothers brother
tertiary is mothers uncle

Q: motion parallax
A: is a monocular cue and important for motion and distance
describes when objects in the foreground are moving faster than objects in the background. does not require three dimensional depth but still allows subjects to see depth and motion

Q: sleep stages
A: stage 1 - hypnagogic hallucinations, muscle twitches theta waves
stage 2 - theta waves with k complexes and sleep spindles
stage 3 and 4 - delta waves night terrors and deep sleep, growth hormones released
REM - muscle pyralysis, similar to beta waves. dreaming, nightmares, rem sleep increases the more you sleep.

different types of culture
symbolic culture
material culture
cultural transmission
cultural diffusion

Q: identity development theory by james marcia
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity achievement
A: diffusion - low commitment, low exploration
identity foreclosure - high commitment, low exploration
identity moratorium - low commitment, high exploration
identity achivement - explored options and they are commited

Q: culture lag
A: social phenomenon where material culture changes faster than nonmaterial

Q: biomedical approach to mental illness
A: diagnosis of physiological causes by physicians and pharma to treat. this generalizes and over diagnoses. helps many but narrow focus

Q: illness experience
symbolic interactionist perspective
A: how indivudals understand and cope with serious or chronic illnessses
ilness work - gathering information about ones illness, seeking treatment, taking medicaitons
everyday work - other daily activities that do not directly involve managing ones illness such as mantaining household and caring for loved ones
biogrpahical work - making sense of the illness of oneself and for another and explaining the illness to coworkers family and freinds

Q: structure of eye
sclera
cornea
anterior chamber
iris
lens
A: sclera is the protective outer layer of the eye and its continuous with the cornea
the cornea is a part of the outer layer of the eye that is transparent and and covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber
the anterior chamber is a compartment between the cornea and iris and is filled with a fluid called aqueous humor
iris is the pigmented structure that controls the size of the pupil and how much light reaches the retina
the lens is the transparent structure that focuses the light on retina
cornea and lens are both converging lenses
posterior chamber is the portion between iris and lens and is filled with aqueous humor.
ciliary body is the muscular structure that controls the shape of the lens
viterous chamber is the area between lens and retina and filled with viterous humor
retina is the light sensitive tissue that converts photons of light into a neural signal
optic disk is the part of the eye where the optic nerve exits
fovea is the part of the retina with a high density of cone
path of light is cornea -> anterior chamber -> pupil ->posterior chamber -> lens -> viterious chamber -> retina

Q: implicit association test
A: designed to measure unconscious attitutdes. the test requires participants to match words or images to one of two opposite categories as quickly as possible. faster times imply a stronger association.
helps reveal prejudice

deindividuation

cognitive effects in older adults when aging
declines in
remains stable in

Q: relative deprivation
A: feelings of discontent by those who are being deprived of something to which they feel entitled.
like suffrage movement, or female rights to vote

Q: mere exposure effect
A: act of being exposed to something increases an affinity for it.
like you hear tiktok song so u like it more.

Q: malthus positive checks and preventative checks (negative checks)
A: positive checks increase the death rate. malthusian catastrophes are large scale and are like large scale wars and famine.
preventative checks decrease the birth rate

Q: constancy
A: refers to our perception that an objects characteristics remain stable even when the sensory input from that object changes due to alterations in the environment such as distance or lighting

Q: kinesthetic sense vs vestibular sense
A: kinesthetic - proprioceptors in muscles, joints, tendons, and skin detect movements, and psoition fo body.
provides awareness of location of body parts
vestibular system mantains balance and orientation, dtects gravity/acceleration (otolith organs) and rotation (semicircular canals). motion sickness is from conflict between vestibular system and visual input.

monocular depth cues

Q: popular culture vs high culture
A: popular culture is mainstream ideas or what most peopel do
high culture is what a small fraction do usually those with wealth and education. like collecting museum quality work

Q: selective vs divided attention
A: selective is focusing on one stimulus or task and divided attention is focusing on more than one

Q: parasomnias vs dyssomnias
A: para - absnormal nervous system function and more common in childhood. somnambuulism (sleep walking) and night terrors. dont wake u up
dys - adulthood and things like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea. fuck w ur sleep

Q: monoamine hypothesis
A: theory that depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the CNS cause depression symptoms. they are seratonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine because they all have a single amine group.
seratonin is for positive mood, satisfactio and social dominance,
norepinephrine is for alertness, attention and memory
dopamine is for pleasure and reward.

Q: parkinsons disease in death of dopaminergic neurons in with part of the brain
what are symptoms
A: substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain (mesenchephalon)
substantia nigra is a part of the neural structures collectively known as the basal ganglia
basal ganglia are involved in selection and execution of voluntary motor programs
resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, lack of coordianted.

Q: superior colliculus in mid brain
inferiror
SCN of hypothalamus
A: where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory information
inferior has to do with sound
SCN of hypothalumus decides your circadium rhthm

Q: shadowing task
A: different information is coming through each side of headphone
you are told to repeat only one side
the ear you are shadowing is the one you repeat stuff with

Q: types of stimulus
sensory stimulus
proximal stimulus
distal stimulus
A: sensory stimulus is any stimulus that activates your sensory organs like sigh sound touch taste
proximal is what is detected by your sesnory receptors. it is the first stage of sensory information processing occuring before your brain processes it
distal is actual physical object or even in the external world that reflects or emits energy and reaches our sesnese.

Q: partial report and full report
A: partial report is related to sperling's experiments on (sensory) iconic memory. he would flash a grid of numbers at participants and then immediately ask them to recite a particular row or column. its in contrast wiht full report where you ask them to report anything

Q: psychophysical discrimination testing
A: participants are asked to differntiate between two stimulus (either by saying it exists or describing it somehow). related to just noticeable difference.

Q: word association testing
A: a test in which the tester gives the patient words and the patient responds wiht the first thing that comes to mind. used to find subconscious thoughts or personality traits

Q: operational span testing
A: testing of the capacity of working memory. researchers alternate between presenting a word to be remembered, then asking participants to verify a simple math equaiton (to interupt rehearsal), after which the participants are tested to see how many words they remember

Q: prospective memory
A: remembering to do something in the future

Q: eidetic memory
A: photographic memory, memory that you dont need a cue for recall and that you essentially remember by seeing the word or object once.
ability to recall with high precision after brief exposure

Q: self verification
A: you are right because i think the same as you. you are wrong because i have a different belief

Q: neurotransmitters effects
acetylcholine
gaba
endorphins
seratonin
dopamine
norepi
A: acetyl choline used in PNS and SNS epinephrine used in postganglia of sns tho besides sweat uses acetyl
gaba is a inhibitory nt in the brain
endorphins pain blockers
seratonin has to do with mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming, mania
dopamine for reward and motivaiton and movement and posture basal ganglia
norepi controls alertness and wakefulness. local level nt. low levels associated with depression

Q: psychoanalytic theory
A: had to do with id ego superego and human behavior is a interaction of all of these things. we want to reduce unconcious conflicts. psychosexual development

Q: PET vs fMRI
A: so PET used nearly for tumor or cancer scans. uses radioactive glucose. just a snapshot of brain activity based on cellular metabolism.
fMRI tells more about functions of brain. imagine stroke patient interacting with something and you see exactly which regions are firing. allows you to see changes

Q: reward pathway
what NT
who secretes
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
A: when you first experience pleasure your brain releases dopamine by the ventral tegmental area
sends to amygdala, nucleus accumebns, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus these are called mesolimbic pathway
amygdala - helps control emotions
hippocampus - remembers it
nucleus accumbens - helps with motor functions and tells you to take another bite
prefrontal cortex - makes you lock in
seratonin goes down which is feelings of satiation goes down.

Q: universal emotions mnemonic
A: happy sad FADS
fear anger disgust surprise

Q: critical period of language development
A: 0 to 9-12

Q: stranger anxiety what age
A: sets in at around 8 months this is when childs become wary of strangers and even people they know.

Q: trichromatic theory
color
form
motion
A: color is cones and trichromatic theory
form is parvocelulr - good at spatial resolution
motion is magnocellular - poor spatial and no color

Q: alzheimers disease
A: beta amyloid plaques - protein fragments that clump up and f up the synapse and also immune response
tangles are neurofibrillary tangles - these are inside the neurons. The microtubules are are stabalized by Tau proteins but in alzhemiers the tau protein changes its confirmation and the microtubules are tangled and cant transmit signals.
Learning and memory is where it starts -> then thinking and planning -> then temporal (speaking and communiating) -> then parietal (sense of where you are)

Q: dream theory
frued
vs
activation synthesis hypothesis
A: do our dreams have meaning. frued says it reflects unconcious thoughts
manifest content -> monster chasing you
latent meaning -> job pushing you out
actiaiton synthesis is that brain gets lot of impulses in frontal cortex. brainstem activation. cortex synthesis. brain is simply trying to find meaning in the activation.

Q: biographical sketch
A: a short biography of the kids prior behavior

Q: cooley vs mead on how people play a role
i vs me (think spontaneity)
A: mead developed social behaviorism
1. prepatory stage - imitation
2. play stage - more aware of social relationships. role play
3. game stage - start to understand attitudes and beliefs of "generalized other" (society as a whole). they dont care about everyones reactions tho only important people.
i is the reponse to me (its spontaneous). me does what's expected by society (less spontaneous)

Q: sanctions
positive
negative
informal
formal
A: can be formal informal positive or negative
positive informatl sanction - is like passerby smiling when they see u pick up trash
negative formal sanction is like getting detention after a fight
if turned around in elevator then thats informal sancitno to get weird looks

Q: weak vs strong social constructionism
A: weak believes in brute facts - facts that just exist because they are and not based on anything else. institutional facts are those that are based on other facts given by society
strong - all facts are are derived from language and social habits. no facts just exist.

Q: race and ethnicity
A: race is based on physical differences. racial formation theory looks at social economic political forces that result in racially constructed identities
ethnicity looks at religion, nationality, language, history. less defined than race.

Q: core semi and periphery countries
A: core is strong everything
periphery is weak everything
semiperiphery is a mix of strong and weak stuff.
dependency theory says thatcore and periphery countries export resources that they cant use. unable to become developed. opposite of modernization theory where every country can take a similar path to being developed.

Q: existential vs categorical self
A: existential is most basic part of self concept. the sense that we are seperate and distinct from others
categorical self comes from the realization that even though we are separate we live in a world full of others

Q: message characteristis
source characteristics
target characteristics
central vs peripheral
A: message - has to do with the message itself. the grammer vocabular and how well written it is
source - what is the level of expertise, trustworthy, information credible or not, venue of event
target - listeners mood self esteem alertness intelligence
central - persuaded by the content of the argument. lasting attitude change
peripheral - dont really care about the topic so you look at speakers look or white coat or other peripheral shit

Q: maslow ordering
A: please stop liking stupid shit
physiological
safety
love
self esteem
self actualization

Q: opponent process model
A: cant experience the opposite of one emotion and one emotion at the same time

Q: becks cognitive model
A: changing the way you think about things will chane the way you percieve and move on in life. if alcoholic thinks being buzzed makes me happy and if he stops thinking that he will find other things to be happy bc he changed his mindset

Q: webers ideal beureucracy
A: 1. formal selection- employment is based on technical qualifications
2. formal rules- employees follow standard operating protocol/procedures
3. impersonality- protocol is not catered toward personality; if you're in the same hierarchy, you're expected to follow protocol
4. career orientation- you follow the rules, you stay. you break them, you're fired.
5. division of labor- each position has a clear job description. employees don't take up a variety of tasks.
6. hierarchy- only big dawgs at the top call the shots and make decisions. there is no employee consensus